Title: Cat for Homework 2K
Course: 350-102-RE-55-02 • General Psychology

Test info catégorie

-1

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

In the figure below you see rows, rather than columns, because of a specific phenomenon.

Name and explain this phenomenon.
(About 80 words) [6 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: (3 points for the name of the phenomenon and 3 points for the explanation) We see rows because of law of perceptual organization: proximity. This is the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another.

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

Using appropriate terminology and the example of a child playing with a dog, explain the distinction that must be made between sensation and perception. (About 150 words) [10 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: (6 points for the distinction itself and 4 points for a concrete example that clearly illustrates the distinction) Sensation is the stimulation of sensory receptors, while perception is the interpretation of the sensation. For example, the nerve endings in the child's skin are stimulated by the dog's tongue: this is sensation. The child deduces that the dog is licking his cheek: this is perception. Or: For example, the rods and cones in the retina are stimulated by the image of the dog walking in front of the child's eyes: this is sensation. The child deduces that what he sees is a dog: this is perception.

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

How is stroboscopic movement related to the Gestalt rule of perceptual
organization known as continuity?

(About 120 words) [8 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: The observer sees a rapid succession of fixed images as continuous movement. This is very similar to perceiving a series of dots or broken lines as a unit.

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

Heidi is looking at a flower. Follow the path of the visual image, from the flower through all the parts of the eye to the decoding of the image in the occipital lobe. Also describe the role or the properties of each part of the eye.

(About 180 mots) [12 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: (2 points for each stage of the process related to a part of the eye, written in capital letters) The image of the flower (and the light that carries it) passes through the opening of the IRIS: the PUPIL is covered by the CORNEA, the eyeball's external membrane. The pupil adjusts automatically to the amount of light. The image strikes the LENS which adjusts its thickness to the distance of the flower. The image then arrives at the RETINA which is composed of light-sensitive cells, and passes to the OPTIC NERVE which sends the sensory information to the brain, where it is transmitted to the visual area of the occipital lobe.

-1

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

In the photo below, indicate three monocular cues for depth perception. You must find and name each of the cues and describe its position in the photo.

(About 180 words) [9 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: (l point for each cue named and 2 additional points for their description) The student must locate three of these cues or any other monocular cue. Perspective: The lines on each side of the street converge. The closer the sides are to each other, the farther away they are from the foreground of the photo. The lines of the roofs and bottoms of the houses converge. The side of the house where these lines are the closest together is the side that is the farthest away. Texture gradient: The roof tiles on the houses in the foreground seem farther apart than those in the other houses. Clearness: The details are more defined on the front mountain than on the one behind it. Overlapping: The houses hide part of the mountain, which means they are closer. Shadowing: The shadowing on the roofs, houses and people give the impression that they are three-dimensional.

-1

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

There is a child's toy called a View-Master that is like a pair of binoculars with a small wheel of slides. When the wheel is placed in the View-Master, each eye sees an image. The images viewed through the View-Master give an impression of depth.

Using the concepts you learned about depth perception, explain how this effect is achieved.
(90 words) [6 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: It is because of retinal disparity. The image presented to each eye is slightly different, which gives the impression of depth.

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

Pamela is a psychologist who uses a psychoanalytical perspective. She has come to your college to give a lecture on states of consciousness. She talks about dreams and ends with an explanation of drug abuse.

Summarize what Pamela says about the following themes: (9 points)

a) Dreams (60 words) [4 points]
b) Drug abuse (90 words) [5 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: a) Dreams allow people to express their unconscious urges and desires. Analysis of these dreams reveals these unconscious motives. (4 points) b) Drugs help people control or express their unconscious drives and needs. Alcoholism, for example, may express the need to remain dependent on an over-protective mother. Drug abuse is a way to avoid reality. The substance that is consumed may be a symbol of unconscious conflicts (aggressive or sexual impulses). (5 points)

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

Describe the two perceptual phenomena called size and shape constancy [3 points each]. Provide two examples of how your world would appear if these two perceptual constancies did not exist [1 point for each example].
(120 words) [8 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: The student should provide the definitions of size and shape constancy. Size constancy is the tendency to perceive an object as being the same size even though the retinal image of the object changes according to its distance from the observer. Shape constancy is the tendency to perceive an object as having a constant shape even though the object's shape on the retina changes according to its relative position to the observer. After explaining each constancy, the student should provide at least two examples of what the lack of perceptual constancy might include (1) perceiving people as getting physically smaller or larger they move toward or away from us, (2) perceiving objects as changing shape as their relative position to us changes: a plate changes from circle to ellipse, a door changes from a rectangle to a trapezoid.

PART ONE: SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS / 80 POINTS
(questions 1 to 9)

Question

Guita suffers from insomnia. She speaks to her friends about it, and they all give her different advice. Assess the value of the advice she is given and say whether she should follow it or not. [12 points]

a) Lucy told her to have a glass of wine or a liqueur before she goes to bed, to help her go to sleep. [3 points]
b) Marta told her to try putting her worries aside and only thinking about pleasant things, like the trip she will soon be taking. [3 points]
c) Sonia told her to take sleeping pills so she'll have a chance to recuperate. [3 points]
d) Jill told her to get a TV in her room. Then she can go to bed earlier and wait for sleep to come to her. [3 points]

Entrez votre réponse ci-dessous.
Feedback: a) Alcohol is a depressant, so it slows the activity of the central nervous system and reduces the level of consciousness. But since tolerance for alcohol builds quickly, Guita would have to drink more and more to get the same effect. Alcohol also creates physical and psychological dependencies, which means Guita would only be replacing one problem with another. She shouldn't follow this advice. [3 points] b) Avoiding thinking about her concerns may be good advice, but it isn't always easy to follow. Besides, insomnia may become a concern, as could her upcoming trip, for example. Worry, linked to insomnia or her imminent trip, increases the arousal of the autonomic nervous system and muscular tension, which is not conducive to sleep. [3 points] c) Taking sleeping pills is not the best solution, because in addition to becoming ineffectual over time, they do not produce all of the stages of sleep needed for recuperative sleep. And of course they do not solve the problem. She should not take this advice even temporarily.[3 points] d) When she goes to bed, she should eliminate all sources of stimulation. The television is a source of stimulation that will prevent her from creating a mental association between her bedroom and rest. She should not take this advice. [3 points]

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

Perception is said to be equipped with filters to prevent overload. What word or expression could be used as a synonym for the concept of selective attention? [2 points]
- Subliminal perception (Wrong answer. It should be concentration.)
- Concentration (Yes¤ that's right!)
- Absolute threshold (Wrong answer. It should be concentration.)
- Automaticity (Wrong answer. It should be concentration.)
A: Concentration

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

At a public festival, hundreds of people release helium balloons. As they float up into the sky, Joaquim says, "Look, the balloons are getting smaller!" This is because he has not yet grasped the concept of ___________. [2 points]
- figure-ground perception (Wrong. He hasn't grasped the concept of size constancy.)
- depth perception (Wrong. He hasn't grasped the concept of size constancy.)
- size constancy (You're right!)
- perceptual organization (Wrong. He hasn't grasped the concept of size constancy.)
A: size constancy

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

Which of the following best illustrates the idea of difference threshold? [2 points]
- A sweater that changes colour when it is wet. (Sorry¤ the right answer is "When I begin to be able to say that one lipstick is darker than another.")
- Mountains I can barely make out on the horizon. (Sorry¤ the right answer is "When I begin to be able to say that one lipstick is darker than another.")
- When I begin to be able to say that one lipstick is darker than another. (Yes¤ you found the right answer.)
- I am dreaming that I hear a siren. When I wake up¤ I realize that the phone is ringing. (Sorry¤ the right answer is "When I begin to be able to say that one lipstick is darker than another.")
A: When I begin to be able to say that one lipstick is darker than another.

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

At the graduation ceremony, Germain took a photo of his daughter Karine, who was seated third from the wall on the right. A few days later when he got the photo back from the developers, he was very disappointed: the closest person filled up almost the entire shot and Karine was very small in the background. When he took the photo he had the impression they were pretty well all the same size. The camera recorded an exact image of reality, but a certain perceptual mechanism adjusted the image in Germain's mind. What is the name of that mechanism? [2 points]
- Retinal disparity (Wrong. It is perceptual constancy.)
- Perceptual constancy (That's it! You got the right answer.)
- Figure-ground perception (Wrong. It is perceptual constancy.)
- Law of proximity (Wrong. It is perceptual constancy.)
A: Perceptual constancy

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

What do we call the illusion in which we perceive an object to be bigger than it is because of the effect of perspective? [2 points]
- Titchener illusion (Wrong¤ it's the Ponzo illusion.)
- Müller-Lyer illusion (Wrong¤ it's the Ponzo illusion.)
- Vertical illusion (Wrong¤ it's the Ponzo illusion.)
- Ponzo illusion (Well done!)
A: Ponzo illusion

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

Caroline went to bed at midnight. Now it is 7 in the morning and her mother is trying to wake her up, but the 12-year-old is very difficult to rouse. She stays sound asleep and doesn't react. What stage of sleep is she most likely to be in? [2 points]
- Stage 1 NREM sleep (No¤ she is probably in paradoxical sleep.)
- Stage 3 NREM sleep (No¤ she is probably in paradoxical sleep.)
- Stage 4 NREM sleep (No¤ she is probably in paradoxical sleep.)
- Paradoxical sleep (Well done!)
A: Paradoxical sleep

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

Which one of the following statements best describes the typical or most frequent content of dreams? [2 points]
- Dreams often reflect the preoccupations of waking life. (Yes¤ that's right!)
- Dreams are filled with images that we hide from consciousness. (Wrong. Dreams often reflect the preoccupations of waking life.)
- Dreams often focus on anxiety-provoking problems from daily life. (Wrong. Dreams often reflect the preoccupations of waking life.)
- Dreams that have pleasant content are very rare. (Wrong. Dreams often reflect the preoccupations of waking life.)
A: Dreams often reflect the preoccupations of waking life.

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

Hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness, since the behavioural changes attributed to hypnosis can be effectively imitated by people asked to pretend they had been hypnotized. This explanation of hypnosis corresponds to which psychological perspective? [2 points]
- Psychoanalysis (Wrong answer. It's behaviourism.)
- Behaviourism (Yes¤ that's right!)
- Cognitive psychology role theory (Wrong answer. It's behaviourism.)
- Cognitive psychology neodissociation theory (Wrong answer. It's behaviourism.)
A: Behaviourism

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

On Monday Gloria worked on her research project until 4 in the morning, even though she had a biology exam at 9. On Tuesday and Wednesday it was the same: her end-of-session assignments are keeping her so busy that she has only been managing to sleep three or four hours a day for the past six days. Today exams are over at last and Gloria will be able to sleep as much as she wants. Based on what you know about sleep, what kind of a night's sleep can Gloria expect? [2 points]
- She'll have trouble getting to sleep because her body has gotten used to functioning without sleep. (That's not right. She will sleep longer than usual and spend a good portion of the night in REM sleep.)
- She'll enjoy a deep and almost dreamless sleep. (That's not right. She will sleep longer than usual and spend a good portion of the night in REM sleep.)
- She will sleep longer than usual and spend a good portion of the night in REM sleep. (Yes¤ you're right!)
- She will have a regular night's sleep¤ since it is impossible to "make up" for lost sleep. (That's not right. She will sleep longer than usual and spend a good portion of the night in REM sleep.)
A: She will sleep longer than usual and spend a good portion of the night in REM sleep.

Q: PART TWO: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS / 20 POINTS
(questions 10 to 19)

Question

Since her divorce, Yohanna has gotten into the habit of taking amphetamines before she goes to work, in order to help counter her depressive tendencies. This has been going on for eight months now, and to get the same effect the amphetamines were giving her in the beginning, she has to take more and more of them. Yesterday she ran out. She was distraught and even thought about killing herself. This suggests that Yohanna ________________ . [2 points]
- has developed a tolerance and psychological dependency on this drug. (Yes¤ that's right!)
- has developed a tolerance and physical dependency on this drug. (Wrong. She has developed a tolerance and a psychological dependency on the drug.)
- is suffering from withdrawal from this drug¤ which is considered to be a depressant. (Wrong. She has developed a tolerance and a psychological dependency on the drug.)
- probably had a genetic predisposition¤ since you can't usually develop a drug dependency in only eight months. (Wrong. She has developed a tolerance and a psychological dependency on the drug.)
A: has developed a tolerance and psychological dependency on this drug.